The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has issued orders to five of the biggest names in cloud and artificial intelligence (AI), requiring them to reveal detailed information about recent investments and partnerships.
Cloud service providers Amazon, Microsoft, and Alphabet – Google’s parent company – as well as generative AI companies Anthropic and OpenAI received notification from the regulator on 25 January.
The commission is looking not only for information regarding specific investments, but also the strategic rationale behind such investments and the practical implications they have on decisions about new product releases or board level conversations.
The regulatory body also seeks to investigate the competitive impact of these partnerships by analyzing changes in market share, sales growth, and expansion.
“History shows that new technologies can create new markets and healthy competition,” FTC Chair Lina M Khan said in a statement.
“As companies race to develop and monetize AI, we must guard against tactics that foreclose this opportunity,” she added. “Our study will shed light on whether investments and partnerships pursued by dominant companies risk distorting innovation and undermining fair competition."
Not the first time AI investments have faced scrutiny
The FTC’s announcement comes as one of several responses to some hefty AI investments from the big name cloud providers.
Microsoft’s $10 billion investment in OpenAI drew the most attention from regulators. It marks the largest single AI investment to date and occupies the bulk of the total $11.3 billion of investment that OpenAI garnered in 2023. Following this, the UK’s Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) announced an initial review into the relationship between Microsoft and OpenAI in December.
A month later, the European Commission announced it would conduct its own regulatory probe into the partnership in order to check “whether Microsoft's investment in OpenAI might be reviewable under the EU Merger Regulation”.
The relationship between the two companies has been intimate for some time. A coup at OpenAI pushed CEO Sam Altman into the arms of Microsoft, only for him to be rehired by OpenAI days later.
This is the first time Anthropic has found itself in the regulatory firing line, however, despite its relationship with another two big names in cloud: Google and AWS.
AWS announced it would invest $4 billion in the AI firm last year as a part of a “strategic collaboration” to improve Anthropic’s Bedrock services . This investment was quickly followed up by a pledge of $1.5 billion from Google on top of the $500 million it had previously given the organization.
All the companies involved have 45 days from receipt to respond to the FTC's demand.
Analysis: Why the evolution of generative AI reflects the problems with cloud
As companies weigh up the value of investment in various AI platforms, transparency surrounding backers will be key to making an informed decision. We can find a parallel for this process in the cloud market: Some businesses have found the OpEx model of cloud too costly in the long term and want to repatriate their cloud workloads, however they are facing heavy egress costs and vendor lock-in.
Attempts to prevent the AI market from falling into the same pattern – with ‘hyperscalers’ offering the most expansive services at the expense of robust competition – will help prevent the need for more drastic regulatory intervention down the line.
While OpenAI has been an AI frontrunner since late 2022, the likes of Anthropic have aimed to top the household name with products to compete with ChatGPT at the commercial and enterprise level. Google and Amazon’s belief that Anthropic offers a competitive edge is clear from their respective investments.
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But neither Google nor Amazon are neutral parties when it comes to AI model development, as both offer enterprise AI models of their own and have vast amounts of investment for AI in the pipeline. Both companies face the tricky task of explaining why Anthropic is worthy of billions of dollars in backing, but not so impressive that taking it off the board as a competitor won’t harm competition in the space.
Microsoft's exclusive agreement with OpenAI traces back to 2019, so in many ways, the firm has an easier task when it comes to regulatory investigation. The cloud giant may try to sell OpenAI as a shrewd investment that paid off rather than a poster child startup backed by reactionary funding delivered once it knew the way the wind was blowing when it came to generative AI. This angle is contingent on it selling its reported $10 billion investment in the firm as one of many long-term investments in OpenAI.
Greater investment in open source foundation models could help to quell any fears the FTC might have over harm to competition in the generative AI market. There has already been movement in this direction with AWS’ partnership with Hugging Face, intended to ‘democratize’ AI, or Meta and IBM’s alliance for the open development of AI.
